Subjectivity and Gaze in Jane Eyre free essay sample

She found it in Jane Eyre, the story, the character, the protagonist, the heroine, the symbolism of female empowerment and one of the important literary character that has given power and significance to a previously marginalized and oppressed demography: women. Jane Eyre has been commended, applauded and re-read and reprinted for many years. Yet, the lasting charisma and relevance of the issues that Jane Eyre tackled and addressed was enough to guarantee that she will never be an anachronism in any life and era. Subjectivity and gaze are very important in defining the true essence of the significance and importance of the story.This is where one can find the reasons as to why it affects and appeals to the people in ways that allows it to be relevant, timeless and connected to socio-cultural issues. These two aspects are the main and focal points and areas of discussion and exploration to effectively dissect the literary merit of the novel Jane Eyre when it comes to subjectivity and gaze, in particular. We will write a custom essay sample on Subjectivity and Gaze in Jane Eyre or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 1. Jane Eyre In the many different novels and stories written in many different eras that managed to have the lasting appeal, Charlotte Bronte is responsible for the one of the novels that strongly touched the issues of women empowerment.She has been instrumental in evoking the consciousness in the pursuit of defining and even re-defining women empowerment, social equality, gender roles in the society and the significance of the life of women. Bronte will always be remembered by the literary world and the rest of the world as the woman who gave life and penned the story Jane Eyre. Jane Eyre was a story considered as the autobiography of a woman who spoke with power and without reservation, regardless of whether or not she is conforming to the norms.It is regardless whether she is poised to contribute significantly to the changing of the status quo and the tilting of the planes where men and women stood on polar position, originally predefined and pre-ordained by the previously strongly dominant male. Jane Eyre has the making of a story that will evoke strong emotions about women. She was a warrior and a survivor. She was a minority marginalized by the society and was shackled by tradition, practices and institutions designed to reflect bias against women. Jane Eyre, above everything else was heroine. As a story, it inspired women.As a character, Jane Eyre created the prototype of the woman that every other female aspired to be. Above all her strength, one stood out that is admired and envied by all: her ability to speak out, to say what she has to say about a life that has been supremely challenging and emotionally unnerving to the weak. Jane Eyre is a story of a womans journey in life, how she saw it, how she defined it, how she recorded it in her memory, without consideration to the natural editing tendencies of the society she lived in. Because of these aspects, Jane Eyre was loved, as a character and as a story.Literary analysts and critics saw it fitting to delve more through the pages of Jane Eyre so that they could further understand what the author and the character was trying to say, and do so more coherently. 2. Jane Eyre and the Gaze The analysis of the gaze in any literature always brings about the analysis and discussion of gender roles and structures in the society as represented in literary content and style. In gaze, one of the major components of the discussion and debate during literary analysis and criticism is the supposed power and dominance of male and the subjugation of the female and her perspective in narrative storytelling.It is being broken by the surfacing of authors and stories that challenge the traditional superior roles and places of men by putting forward stories which, in turn, empowers women and allows them to stand shoulder to shoulder with men. Because of its importance, the gaze is often part of the feminist literary analysis. According to Warhol and Herndl, Jane Eyre and Charlotte Bronte are evidences the idea that â€Å"the gaze holds powerful potential for a feminist poetics of the novel† (Warhol, Herndl 429).Bronte and Jane Eyre are important integral entities in the continued development of this pursuit. Jane Eyre as an individual has been an object of the gaze. According to literary analysts and critics like Sally Shuttleworth in her book â€Å"Charlotte Bronte and Victorian Psychology†, Eyre was able to use this particular gaze. This includes the condition wherein she is being viewed and seen by the society and is being observed – as a catapult towards achieving a sense of self awareness in the long run which will empower her (Shuttleworth 39).The power and control present in Jane Eyre as a story and as a character become more definitive when Jane Eyre displays the ability to change the oppressive gaze and use it to improve and empower herself. Jane Eyre develops a new consciousness that allows her to create a form of resistance towards traditional control forms and sources. â€Å"She comes to self-conscious awareness only through her sense of self as an object to an external eye, whose gaze she must nonetheless baffle if she is to retain integrity of selfhood† (Shuttleworth 39). 2. 1 Foucault, Gaze and Jane EyreMich el Foucault was one of the individuals who created the concept of the gaze which can be used for literary analysis, particularly for the novel Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte. According to Foucault, the gaze pertains to the ability of the individual to look past the superficial exterior covering to discover the underlying truth. This ability is something that is lifted from the exercise of observation (Shawver 15) of the subject of analysis. As how doctors would observe their patients to know the underlying truth in their health condition, so does the literary critic by observing a particular literature to reveal its underlying truth.This kind of gaze, which Shuttleworth also discussed via her idea of the penetrating gaze, is something that is believed to be present in Jane Eyre and in Brontes writings in general (Shuttleworth 39). Similar to the idea of Foucault (and taking also some key components in the idea of Bichat), Shuttleworth goes on to explain that the penetrating gaze is actually an effort to look at what is happening underneath the superficial bodily covering of the physical self as how physiologist will answer the query on physical health t ranscending the superficial and physical.It breaks apart and exposes â€Å"the opaque envelopes that cover our parts are no more for their practiced eyes than a transparent veil revealing the whole and the relationship between the parts† (Shuttleworth 39). The question now is, what is the underlying truth discovered in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre through the use of the gaze? 2. 2 Jane Eyre and the Returned Gaze Literary analysts and critics believe that one of the characteristics of Jane Eyre when it comes to the aspect of gaze is the novels featuring which is what E.Ann Kaplan refers to as the â€Å"returned gaze† (Kaplan 40). It was named as such because it was the person objectified in the past via the view of the ruling class who is now providing the perspective from which life is seen. This includes the life of the oppressors and former ruling group subjugating the oppressed. The returned gaze is the opposite of the imperial gaze. The imperial gaze defines the lives of those oppressed by the oppressor, based on the oppressors own perspective. It is a case of a superior entity defining the condition of those who are inferior to him or her. In the case of Jane Eyre, she is the person who is oppressed, not the oppressor. The novel allows her to narrate to the audience the condition of her life as well as the condition of the lives of her oppressor from her own point of view, which is an important and admirable characteristic in a novel. The oppressed is seen here as a character who is empowered nonetheless to define her or his life as how the person deems and perceives it to be, and is not dictated by the influence and power of the oppressor which is often the case in many literary materials.The returned gaze is important because it allows the individual freedom and autonomy to see themselves from a personal perspective. This is contrary to the restrictive and dictatorial imperial gaze, wherein the oppressed express, perceive and define their conditions based on how the oppressor sees it to be. The presence of the returned gaze in the novel Jane Eyre is yet another admirable mark in the novel especially from a feminist p oint of view because of its implications – not just literary implications but also social implications.More than being able to present ones life as an oppressed individual based on the own perspective of the oppressed, the individual is actually challenging the act of oppression, both in society and in literature (Waugh 514). â€Å"Returning the gaze of the oppressors can thus be seen as a challenge to oppression, a claim of equality† (Waugh 514). For most of her life, Jane Eyre was the one oppressed. This is seen in the life of Jane Eyre from childhood to adulthood. While with the Reeds and during her life at Gateshead, Jane was oppressed and abused by her aunt and her cousins.During her education at Lowood School, Jane was again the target of oppression among many of the students, teachers and school administrators. When she became a governess at Thornfield Manor, the actions of Mr. Rochester (i. e. his lying about his wife) and the actions of his wife towards Jane Eyre are again clear signs of oppression. When she fell to poverty after leaving Thornfield Manor, she was also subjected to the oppression of the society. The storytellings returned gaze characteristic, then, is a powerful symbol that alludes to women empowerment.Like Jane Eyre, women are attacked and oppressed in many different ways by many different entities (men, society, institutions, etc. ). The growing power of women lies in many things that are now endowed to her. This includes the ability to tell the world about her own life, how she is oppressed, and how her perspective is nonetheless without the influence, control and dictation of the powerful and traditional external forces oppressing and trying to control the woman. Jane Eyres tone of narration is proof of the existence of the returned gaze.She sees the condition based on her own perspective. She defines what is happening to her and her life not on how the oppressors of her life would see it, but how she sees it. She talks about her own oppressors based on her own condition and not on the condition of her oppressors. The ability of the returned gaze breaks down every restriction and prohibition that oppressors might have put up to refrain the oppressed from speaking what they truly think and feel. In Jane Eyre, Jane is not just candid but is also powerful, critical and unrestrained in her presentation of the narrative of her life. This understanding and explanation of the presence and power of gaze in Jane Eyre and in Charlotte Bronte is something that is galvanized by the ideas of other writers working on literary analysis and criticism of the gaze and involving Charlotte Brontes work and her other literary creations. In the book â€Å"Feminisms: an Anthology of Literary Theory and Criticism†, the authors explain that the presence of gaze in Jane Eyre is not merely the providing of the opportunity for woman to challenge men and male perspective.More importantly, this gaze as it is present in Jane Eyre, is something more powerful. It is a chance to destroy previously socially established gender-based status quo and the resulting conditions dictated by such state in the society involving the places and roles, powers and responsibilities of the male and female character (Warhol, Herndl 429). Through the uncurtailed, unrestricted, unhampered voice of Jane Eyre, Warhol and Herndl believe that Bronte and her writings including Jane Eyre reflect â€Å"envisioning the possibility of disrupting the politics of gaze† (Warhol, Herndl 429).Furthermore, Brontes writing and the novel Jane Eyre are both testament to the idea about gaze and the importance of the presence of such characteristic in this narrative story telling. Jane Eyre is â€Å"not a simple inversion in which the woman is permitted to turn the tables with an appropriating look back but a destruction of the hierarchical positioning of male and female that the gendered gaze entails† (Warhol, Herndl 429). Writer Anthony Channell Hilfer explains that this kind of oppressive action by the oppressor (commonly the male or the institutions and groups in the society influenced directly or indirectly by men) on the oppressed through the form of the gaze is something that many individuals have talked and written about, developed and created (Hilfer 15). This includes the likes of Jean-Paul Sartre and Michel Foucault, who, according to Hilfer, explained that gaze is a â€Å"more efficient form of tyranny than more overt forms of violence† (Hilfer 15).It is no wonder then that feminist readers and literary analysts supportive of womens rights and equalities across gender celebrate Jane Eyre and its own characteristic of the gaze, especially the returned gaze. It has become a tool to fight a tyrannical oppression by men inside a patriarchal and male controlled society, in fiction and in real life. The use of the returned gaze in Jane Eyre is fitting considering the character, what she has gone through and her actions and what it represents especially in the fight for equality by women and feminist advocacy groups. Jane Eyre fought the many types of oppressors in her story and in her life.The manner by which she talks about it only strengthens this kind of power that Jane Eyre as a story and as a character possesses. Critics and literary analysts do not claim the authority to know but instead explore the more important query on this matter. â€Å"What kind of subjectivity did Charlotte Bronte construct for Jane Eyre? † (Gunter, Wagener 10). It seems easy to dispense of answers but it does not mean they are accurate and correct. As with the case of Jane Eyre, subjectivity, particularly female subjectivity in the story and in the character is something that remains to be investigated.The investigation should be undertaken by individuals detached from any emotional string involved in this text. This has been done so that the feminist bias is avoided and a clearer and more organized set of ideas regarding female subjectivity can be created and presented to the public. 3. Jane Eyre and Subjectivity 3. 1 Subjectivity as Jane Eyres Strength Many critics and literary analysts commend the subjectivity, particularly female subjectivity, in Jane Eyre, in the belief that this is one of the most important characteristics of the novel itself.This is one of the characteristics responsible for making this Victorian-era novel timeless and well applauded among literary critics and analysts and the ordinary reader alike. Knies, for example, describes the subjectivity in Jane Eyre as intense and powerful. The narrator speaking in first person is empowered with such freedom to freely talk about her life in a way that is unencumbered by the restrictions and limitations created by other approaches, say third person ominous (Knies 546). The use of the first person perspective sets the tone and anticipation for female subjectivity via the story telling of Jane Eyre.The author allowed the narrator blanket autonomy to talk and speak as she sees, feels and deems things to be, and as a character that is intense, her subjectivity on the aspects of her life as she saw it was characterized by the same high degree of intensity as she speaks about it. This, in turn, gives the novel one of its strong characteristics. Knies, in his journal article, notes how â€Å"Walter Allen described Jane Eyre as a novel containing intense subjectivity and how this is the novels strength† (Knies 546).The presence of and voicing out of female subjectivity side by side, the importance of female subjectivity in feminist readings and criticism is one of the solid take-off points that Jane Eyre used to capture the attention and admiration of many readers, particularly female readers. Here, literary analysts and critics explain that the reader easily appreciates and relates to the fact that female subjectivity was used in the story to create and develop the female character that the readers have come to know and love in Jane Eyre the film and Jane Eyre as the empowered character herself. The main theme is thus the development of a central narrative voice, as the character, Jane Eyre, learns a use of language, while spinning the tale of her life and locating her identity and subjectivity within that narrative† (Azim 174). Other writers and analysts or literary critics made related observations and input when it comes to this aspect of the novel. For example, Lessard added a dimension in the discussion of the female subjectivity in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre and the growing appreciation for the value of and discussion of female subjectivity in this particular story (Lessard 331). This is considering how Jane Eyre and the narrative form her recollection of her life in this self confessed autobiographical work. All of these point to the subjectivity of Jane and the female subjectivity, in general. It has caught the attention not just of literary critics and analysts but even masters and musicologists who ventured in this realm and sought to interpret it in operatic music, in the hope of highlighting female subjectivity in the story.Its analysis provides answers to questions pertaining to the same query on female subjectivity (Lessard 331). The real question is how the novel displays the subjective female as how Jane Eyre is perceived by many who criticized and analysed this literary work through many different timelines. It is affected by the socio-cultural movements happening vis-a-vis the viewing and reviewing of Jane Eyre, its contents and its implications (i. e. for example in relation to the changes in feminist movement, lesbian rights and women empowerment, etc).Amigoni explains that the female subjectivity of Jane in the story is affected by many different conditions and reflects in many different ways (and how the two are connected together). He explained that the female subjectivity is affected by social expectations (Amigoni 63). The reader wants Jane Eyre to be the candid narrator of her life. And yet, part of the reader expects Jane Eyre to be artistic about it, to be detailed about it, and in some respect, to follow certain traditional forms of personal autobiographical narrative.Brontes response to these impending expectations of the readers is the diversification of the character of Jane Eyre, someone who â€Å"juggles between genres in telling her story† (Amigoni 63). Jane Eyre immediately establishes her subjectivity or female subjectivity in this narrative by explaining to the reader that the story is a recollection of memories she can retrieve. Thus, her story is subject to the limits as well as extent of her own memory and capacity for retrieving such episodes in her life which in turn impacts her subjectivity in the entire story.In the long run, the female subjectivity to which Jane Eyre is being viewed with, is displaced in many different components to the autobiographer self, to the heroine self and to the objectified character. â€Å"We call for Jane to be less of an autobiographer, more of a novelistic narrator, and character, and heroine† (Amigoni 63). This discussion of Amigoni in the characters that Jane Eyre struggled to balance all throughout the story was a preparation and introduction to the true perspective of Amigoni regarding the female subjectivity in the novel.In this topic, Amigoni believes that the constant characteristic of the female subjectivity of Jane Eyre is found in its shifting form (Amigoni 63). The female subjectivity shifts depending on the shift in the tone and storytelling, dependin g on what Jane Eyre wears at a specific time and discussion somewhere in the story. Her being subjective as a female character is not compartmentalized on a scene per scene basis but is changing, shifting, evolving from one state of life to the next. This is to consider how the experiences in her life during that stage impacts and affects her subjectivity. The point that we can make here is that Janes subjectivity is being constructed and reconstructed as the narrative shifts from one focus of spatial attention to the next. She uses these experiences so that she can create a mindset that helps her justify her actions and create a rationale to explain how and why things happened as they did in her life, affecting her subjectivity. 3. 2 Childhood as Roots to Subjectivity Some of the literary critics and analysts studying Jane Eyre believes that this novel speaks about a particular natural characteristic of the subjectivity. Subjectivity in adult life is strongly connected with subjectivity as well as experiences in childhood.As a Bildungsroman novel that allows the reader to travel with Jane Eyre from her early childhood years to adulthood, the reader is also allowed to see the experiences of Jane Eyre as a child. These experiences became important considerations to the formation of Jane Eyres own subjectivity in her later, adult life. 3. 3 Criticisms As expected in literary criticism, the concept of female subjectivity and its presence in Jane Eyre and subjectivity as one of the novels strongest and most important characteristics are challenged by those who believe otherwise.Kaplan who wrote a criticism regarding subjectivity and Jane Eyre, believed that such subjectivity is not reflective in Jane Eyre (Kaplan 40). This novel, actually, is a futile attempt to delve into the psyche of the poor female character and bring about her own subjectivity on the issues affecting her life. The author and the novel appear to be out of touch with the true reality of the subjectivity of the poor as how Jane Eyre was perceived by some to be. This is in consideration to Jane Eyre and her financial and personal background as an orphaned, penniless individual who struggled for most of her life. Kaplans assessment with regards to the subjectivity in the novel is scathing and powerful. Her accusations blunt are yet sharp and straightforward. She calls the novel â€Å"bourgeois† and its content bereft of any subjectivity, lacking actual insight in the mind frame of the true poor, struggling, oppressed, marginalized woman like Jane Eyre (Kaplan 40). â€Å"Nineteenth-century bourgeois novels like Jane Eyre tell us almost nothing about the self-defined subjectivity of the poor, male or female.For, although they are rich sources for the construction of dominant definitions of the inner lives of the working classes, they cannot tell us anything about how even these ideological inscriptions were lived by them† (Kaplan 40). There are also other possible criticisms that can be put forward especially with regards to the celebration of the female subjective in the story Jane Eyre. For one, the critical praise showered towards Jane Eyre as a character and as a story is high ly questionable in some instances and cases considering the implication of the social condition that gave power to Jane Eyre. Pro-feminist literary analysts dance around Jane Eyre as if it was a deity or something god-send that fuels the fire of women empowerment. It is one thing to accept that the society has indeed controlled, subjugated and silenced women, but it is an entirely different issue for women to pick up anything and translate it as a heroine text. With cynicism and scepticism, it is easy to see that those who hail the triumph of Jane Eyre are not actually basing it on literary merit.They try (albeit sometimes, in vain) to find something in Jane Eyre as well as in other texts and literary materials for things that they can use to inspire female and feminine power. This includes the praising of female subjectivity in Jane Eyre. In fact, similar to the earlier discussion on the lack of subjectivity of Jane Eyre especially on the life of the poor, people are misleading and misreading Jane Eyre for their own purposes and to satisfy their own need. Sometimes, it goes even to the extent of and expens e of feigning literary merit and recognition when none exists in the first place. As Azim has pointed out, the other face of Jane Eyre criticism especially on subjectivity is all about misreading Jane Eyre and misinterpreting it to extract whatever fake literary value they can conjure and use to convince the people about the greatness of Jane Eyre, say, on female subjectivity (Azim 172). â€Å"Women feminist and non-feminist alike have read and re-read Jane Eyre to celebrate it as a text where the female author, the female protagonist and the female reader are joined together in sisterly harmony and recognition† (Azim 172).The other question that needs to be answered in criticism and literary analysis, is the exploration of the possibility that maybe there is actually nothing more into it than that. The author, the character, the story and the readers are all intertwined and connected because of the similar desires, agendas and purposes one serves for the other. There is actually no real literary merit for discourse, like on female subjectivity. Other cri tics, who do not easily buy into the idea of Jane Eyres greatness as a story and a character, look at other flaws besides the spirit of sorority among women and feminist patrons supporting this text.There are those who believe that the process of literary analysis and merit discussion regarding aspects like the true value of female subjectivity and its real presence and essence in Jane Eyre is somewhat affected by the â€Å"rush to reclaim Jane Eyre as the heroine of a feminist novel† (Gunter, Wagener 10). Thus, it compromised a significant part of the analysis. Attacking the real value of the female subjectivity in Jane Eyre and the idea that Jane Eyre as a character represents the position of women as narrating life and the world as she sees it free from the shackles of social and patriarchal influence and control.It can be disputed and easily a point of argument with no clear cut victory for either side. It is questionable whether Jane Eyres female subjectivity and her concept of representing autonomy and freedom via her story is actually applicable when in fact, everyone – normal and deviant – merely react to the expectations and behavior modification styles of the society. Jane Eyres subjectivity and even her defiance of the imperial male gaze are actually just one of the many ways individuals respond to the design of society.In the end, there is no autonomy or freedom represented and subjectivity was merely misread and misinterpreted for the readers own convenience and use. â€Å"Theoreticians point out that there is no autonomous and transcendent I that is not marked by social coding† (Gunter, Wagener 10). Conclusion Jane Eyre is one of the novels that has been identified by critics when it comes to dissecting the use of and presence of subjectivity as well as gaze. This is because author Charlotte Bronte was skilled enough and was equipped with literary knowledge, skills set and competence to guarantee that her story has that important and significant aspect.Subjectivity has been an important focus in the debate and discussion regarding analysis of literary content, as important as the discussion of gaze. These are seen in Jane Eyre because of the manner by which the character relates to the reader; by the quality of the tone of her narrative; by the things she focused on and the things she ignored; by the very fibre of her life spread in every letter of ever word in every page to which the readers hang on dearly.Fitting enough, the concept of subjectivity and the female subjectivity in Jane Eyre is not always meant with universal agreement since there are those who see differently. As for gaze, the inspection of the story reveals the presence of a variety of gaze, including the returned gaze and imperial gaze and the penetrating gaze, among others. Readers are invited to read more, to see more. Jane Eyre herself is looking more and more inside her life as her narrative progresses, while many women stood by her side and saw what she saw, understood what she meant and sympathized with her emotions.

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Week 1 Discussion 1 Essays Week 1 Discussion 1 Essay Week 1 Discussion 1 Essay Essay Topic: Discussion From the e-Activity, evaluate at least two companies’ financial statements that have received a negative rating from one of the financial rating agencies. Determine which financial ratios most likely impacted the rating decision. Compare and contrast at least two financial ratios that support the rating agencys claims. Speculate on how the ratios are likely to change considering the economic environment in which it operates. Support your position. The two companies that I choose for this discussion are the American Express, Inc. and the General Electric Company.Both of them received negative rating from the Thomson Reuters Stockreport + and both of them is under the -2 category. As I research on the ratios that these rating companies might use, I discover that they love to use the leverage ratios as an indicator. Take American Express and the General Electric as an example. Both of them carry more than 400% Debt to Common Equity while the Long Term Debt Percent to Common Equity are both more than 250% which consider very high in comparing to those obtain positive rating like Boeing, whose total Debt percentage to Common Equity is only 201. 5%! Other than these leverage ratios, the assets per employee ratio seem to be another key factor to determine the ranking. Company has positive rating like Boeing has assets per employee ratio at $397,262. 38 per employee while both GE and American Express have over 2 million per employee! If a company’s debt to equity ratio is more than 400%, it means that the company relies heavily on debt than equity. It is true that interest expense is tax deductible and which will help to improve the net income as a result of this benefit.However, this ratio will tell the investor that the company might get into cash problem if the growth in sales is slow plus the collection rate is low. In addition, when the assets to employee ratio is over million, it tells the investor that the company is ineffic ient in generate profit. Any changes in the economy, the company is likely to encounter a lot of problems. Change in economic environment would hardly help the American Express as they are well known for high service charge to both merchants and consumers.It would be difficult for them to improve the ratio unless they stream down and change their policy on charging. As for the General Electric, they have to wait till the economy bounces back in full swing then, the assets turnover rate will be improved immensely. In addition, with the help of the growth in sales, they will be able to pay-off some debts and thus reduce the debt to equity ratio. Imagine that you are a chief financial officer with $150,000 of idle cash that you must invest to increase earnings for your company.Select at least two companies and the ratios you would use to determine your investment strategy. Based on the companies you choose, speculate on how the ratios are likely to change over the next five years. I wo uld like to make an investment on Apple, Inc. and Boeing Company in a ratio of 6:4. The ratios that I use for the evaluation will be the growth rate in sales, the return on earning assets ratio, cost of goods sold to sales ratio, the debt to common equity ratio, and the dividend payout in the past 5 years. If the economy remains the same, the cost of goods sold to Sales ratio for Apple, Inc. ill drop proportionately as they have the costs under good control while the sales remains growing at 40% rate. In addition, the return on earning assets will grow a little bit due to the increase in sales. Other than that, other ratios will pretty much the same. As for Boeing, unless there is a sudden demand in new jets, the sales will pretty much the same. As they are pretty good at streamlining, I do not expect a dramatic change in its ratios at all. Reference: Financial data retrieved from www. thomsonone. com ;amp; www. scottrade. com.

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Importance of organizational behavior in improving modern efficiency The main objective of drafting this document is to justify importance of organizational behavior in todays context; Organizational behavior is targeted towards studying and analyzing behavior of different people within an organization. Organizational behavior is defined as The study and understanding of individual and group behavior, and patterns of structure in order to help improve organizational performance and effectiveness (Laurie J. Mullins, 2004). Therefore studying of organizational behavior is vital to improve efficiency in establishments. Essay will emphasize on following key aspects of Organizational behavior. Leadership Group Behavior Training and development Change management Leadership can be defined as simply getting others to follow; there are many definitions to leadership. It is difficult, therefore, to generalize about leadership, but essentially it is a relationship through which one person influences the behavior or actions of other people. (Laurie J. Mullins, 2004). Leadership directly connected with motivation, interpersonal behavior and the process of communication. Leadership helps to develop team work and increase integrity within employees. Good leadership is important in the time of change; leaders should able to change peoples perception from identifying change as a threat to see it as an existing challenge (Laurie J. Mullins, 2004). The key aspects discussed above, depicts the importance of leadership within an organization. Everyone in an organization belongs to one or more Group. Work is more group based activity and if an organization to be successful, it requires good team work. A group can be defined as any number of people who (1) interact with one another; (2) are psychologically aware of one another; and (3) perceive themselves to be a group. (Laurie J. Mullins, 2004). Groups are the moral fiber of an organization and it is the key to performance. Not only members of groups should work efficient to gain organizational objectives but groups should work together with other groups to maximize the efficiency in the establishment. Teamwork is important within groups and following are some of the competencies that can be gained by teamwork;( Laurie J. Mullins, 2004). Productivity can be improved Quality of work and innovation will be maximized Technological advantages Employee motivation and commitment will be improved. Training and development is one of the most vital aspects to increase performance and motivation within employees. It is well-known that training directly affects success of any organization. Organizational training is important to keep employees up to date with technology and to be knowledgeable with relevant job that they perform. Training also assists employees in career advancement and to improve their motivation. Following are some of the advantages individuals and organizations can gain by performing training and development ;( Laurie J. Mullins, 2004). Increase motivation, confidence and commitment of the employees. Recognition and promotions Satisfaction Improve quality and skills of staff Organizations are widely get affected by the external environmental aspects. Companies should adopt these external factors to ensure success in the business. These factors can be technology, government policies, globalization etc. In order to acclimatize to these external environmental factors, it is vital to have proper change management practices in place. According to John F. Kennedy Change is the law of life and those who look only to the past or present are certain to miss the future. This also can be applied to organizations, Example: It is vital for organizations to replace their exiting outdated technology along with the latest technology available in the world in order to maintain sustainability of the business. Change also can be raised within the organization itself. Literature Review Hellriegel, Slocum and Woodman suggests that: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ One way to recognize why people behave as they do at work is to view an organization as an Iceberg. What sinks ships isnt always what sailors can see, but what they cant see. Following are the key areas to be discussed during understanding organizational behavior; (Laurie J. Mullins, 2004). The behavior of people The process of management The Organizational context in which the process of management takes place. organizational processes and the execution of work; interactions with the external environment of which the organization is part From the above framework we can identify 4 main aspects influence on organizational behavior; the individual, the group, the organization and the environment. Any organization consists with individuals; individuals are main feature of any establishment. If needs of an individual and demands of the organization is incompatible, this can result in conflicts (Laurie J. Mullins, 2004). Therefore it is a responsibility of the management to integrate individual and organization to avoid frustration and conflicts. Groups are gateway to performance in any organization. It is a fact that almost every individual within an organization is a member of a group. Group has a major capability of influencing behavior of an organization; therefore it is important to understand group structure and behavior in order to maximize performance in an establishment. Individuals and groups interact by using the structure of an organization; the organization structure is defined by management to meet goals within an organization. External environment affects the organization in many different ways, for an example new technologies will lead to change in the organization. Interacting with environment will lead to opportunities and risks within the organization. Leadership There are many ways to examine leadership. Following are some of the approaches; The qualities approach The functional or group approach Styles of leadership Transformational leadership The qualities approach is more concern about the persons, not the job itself. It suggests that attention should give to select leaders than training them. Qualities or traits approach depicts that Leaders are born and not made. The functional (Group) approach focuses not on the personality, but on the functions and contents of leadership. Unlike The qualities approach, functional approach believes that leadership could be learnt and developed. Leadership style is the way in which the functions of leadership are carried out, the way in which the manager typically behaves towards members of the group. (Laurie J. Mullins, 2004). Styles of managerial leadership can be categorized into three broader classifications; The Authoritarian style: Power is with the manager. All the interactions are made via the manager. Manager is making the decisions and less opportunity for group members to take decisions. The Democratic style: Power is more within the group. Leadership functions and decisions are made within the group and the manager is a member of the group. Laissez-faire style: Manager is basically observing the members of the group working on their own. This is also called genuine style. Group members are given with freedom to make their own decisions and to do what they think is best. However leader must be readily available for any help needed. Transformational leadership is more concern about how leaders revitalize or transform organizations. Transformational leadership is scattering higher level of motivation and commitments among followers. Transformational leadership consists with four basic components; Idealized influence: Personality of the leader and the respect of the followers. Inspirational motivation: the behavior of the leader which provides meaning and challenge to the work of the followers. Intellectual stimulation: leaders who are innovative in finding new approaches for problem solving. Individualized consideration: Leaders who put attention on developments of subordinates. Group Behavior There can be two types of groups within an organization; Formal Groups Formal Groups are part of organizational structure. Main objective of structuring formal groups within an organization is to achieve division of work and organizational objectives. Example: grouping employees with specific skills into a one group. Furthermore individuals with same status within an organization could form a formal group, i.e. Managers within an establishment can form separate formal group. Informal Groups There can be groups within an organization with informal structure. These groups are formed with social relationships and individual relationships. Objective of informal groups are to satisfy physiological needs and social needs. Informal groups consists with people from different parts of the organization and different status levels. Following are the reasons to form groups within an establishment, (Laurie J. Mullins, 2004). If specific task cannot be completed without relating multiple individuals. To avoid conflicts within members, example: by sharing unpopular tasks. Individuals to feel belonging to a group within an organization. To follow correct behavior in an ambiguous situation Protect their self from outside pressure and threats. Cohesive groups will always generate benefits for the organization. Following are some of the factors affecting group performance and cohesiveness. (Laurie J. Mullins, 2004). Membership: When groups are too large it is difficult to maintain the cohesiveness. It is always best to have manageable amount of members in a group. Work environment: Individuals with similar job descriptions, sharing a common task with facing common problem will increase cohesiveness within an organization. Furthermore facilitating proper communication in the work environment directly affects the performance and cohesiveness of an organization. Organizational factors: Factors like how manager encourage group will directly affects on group behavior. Group development and maturity: Cohesiveness of a group also depends on how groups carryout task in each stage before executing the real one. Training and Development Training should consider as an investment in employees (Laurie J. Mullins, 2004). It is crucial to have a proper plan to gain maximum advantages over training. Therefore planned and systematic approach in training plays a key role in any organization. Planned and systematic approach Following are some of the key points involved in planned and systematic approach (Laurie J. Mullins, 2004); There should be a commitment from entire organization for training. Assessment of training needs to be evaluated. Staff should feel the involvement. A clear set of objectives and policy should define for the training. Carefully plan the training program Select most appropriate method of training Link external courses and training programs for the system. There should be an effective and proper system for review and evaluation. Evaluation should be related to objectives. Change Management It is a well known fact that people do not accept change easily. Therefore managers should clearly identify reasons for resistant and initiate change by adopting appropriate strategy. According to Christensen and Overdorf , there are three main factors affect organizational responses to change; (Laurie J. Mullins, 2004). Resources: Access to high quality resources increases chances of people to accept change. Processes: The pattern of communication, interaction, coordination and decision making to transform resources into products and services. Values: Standards how employee set priorities. There are three main ways managers could use to adopt with organizational change; (Laurie J. Mullins, 2004). Create new organizational structure Split new organizational from the existing one and define new processes and values. Gain access to a new organization whose processes and values are similar to required change. Furthermore Kotter and Cohn suggests following eight steps for successful change; (Laurie J. Mullins, 2004). Create sense of urgency Build a guiding team Create visions Communicate the vision and strategy Empower action and remove obstacles Produce Short-term wins to create credibility Dont let up but maintain the momentum Make change stick Relevance in todays context Leadership in todays context Yesterdays idea of the boss, who became the boss because he or she knew more than the person working for them, is yesterdays manager. Tomorrows person leads through a vision, a shared set of values, and a shared objective. Jack Welch Leadership is essential in any organization to boost team work and integrity within individuals. Todays Establishments are focuses on discovering more leaders than appointing managers to maintain sustainability of the business. Organizations should emphasis to scatter many leaders across the establishment than suggesting one leader on the top of the hierarchy. In todays scenario companies are more concern about discovering leaders than trying to train individuals without any leadership qualities, i.e. qualities approach of leadership has become the trend of todays organizations. However identifying leaders within an organization has become a major challenge in todays context. To overcome this challenge organizations are trying various methods to discover true leaders, one of the best examples from todays context is Apples Store Leader Program, where people will given with leadership opportunities after 24 month operational program covering all the aspects of managing and operating an Apple Store. (Apple Jobs at Apple Apple Store Leader Program (us). 2011) Ray Croc quoted that The quality of a leader is reflected in the standards they set for themselves. A good leader should continue to amplify his/her knowledge by experience and training. Group behavior in todays context Today organizations are captivating many advantages over forming formal groups within their establishments. By providing structure of division of work and responsibilities within the company, employees are with clear agreement between them on their duties and responsibilities. This will lead to achieve company objectives more efficiently. Furthermore individuals with specific expert knowledge can be added into one group to gain more productivity end of the day. Another advantage of grouping employees is that unpopular tasks can be shared among persons, this leads to employee motivation. In todays context this strategy is widely used within organizations to maximize productivity and motivate employees. Todays organizations are keener into forming Strategic Business Units (SBU) within their establishments. SBU can be defined as Autonomous  division  or  organizational unit, small enough to be  flexible  and large enough to  exercise  control  over most of the  factors  affecting its  long-term  performance. Because SBUs are more agile (and usually have  independent missions  and  objectives), they  allow  the owning conglomerate  to respond quickly to changing  economic  or market  situations. (Strategic business unit (SBU) definition. 2011.). Therefore each SBU is treated as a one group within the company with different objectives. Example: Tacony Corporation is today organized into four strategic business units: Sewing, Home Floor Care, Commercial Floor Care and Ceiling Fans Lighting.( Tacony Corporation: Strategic Business Units) Todays Training and Development Most of the organizations are treating their employees as the most valuable asset. Therefore employers are more concern about personal development of each and every employee. Every organization allocate significant amount of money for employee training programs. Following graph illustrate Sonys Employee Training Programs in Japan in Fiscal Year 2009 (Sony Global Personnel Development. 2011) However for organizations to get maximum return out of an employee training program, it is essential to follow a Planned and Systematic approach for each training program. Training needs can be identified within the organization by introducing a Training Requisition form, which can be made available to every employee of the company. Filled Training requisition forms will be evaluated by employees line manager and forward it to HR department. Alternatively, organizations can identify required training programs and maintain Annual Training Calendar to keep track of each program. Every employee can be given with a feedback form to fill and submit to HR department to accomplish evaluation and review process. Change Management in Todays context Change Management is one of the most widely discussed topics in todays context. In order to successfully implement change within an organization, appropriate change management practices are very essential. Following are some of the challenges organizations face before, during and after implementing of change; Resistant to change by employees Insufficient time Economical difficulties Etc Most of the organizations perform change due to new technologies, limited staff participation, limited resources etc. Todays organizations are using strategy of creating new culture within company to successfully implement change. Furthermore organizations are keener into providing high quality resources along with the change. Subsequently, employee resistant to change will reduce by significant percentage. Implementation of change should happen gradually within organizations. Following graph illustrate the gradual implementation of change in todays organizational context; If the change is large scale, most of the todays organizations are outsourcing the change management process to a consulting agency. These agencies are with subject matter experts to cater client requirement from the initiation to the post implementation of the project. Example; Accenture US. Conclusion For an organization to be successful, all the above discussed key aspects of organizational behavior should utilized within the establishment. Studying of organizational behavior has become one of the most essential topics in todays context. Organizational behavior helps managers to understand individuals better so they can improve productivity of the organization.

Example Essay for Primary Research

OUTLINE I. Introduction * Definition of young adults: Take responsibilities for their own action (Newman, B. M & Newman, P. R, 1983) * Young adults should live with their parents. II. Body 1. Save money * Affected by economic crises: Number of youth unemployment (Barnes, 2012) * Save the daily expenses ( Vander Zanden, 1997) 2. Close relationship among family members * Parents: + Support emotion (Philip, 1998) + Take care of each other (Logan & Spitze, 1996) * Siblings: + Share every day routines (Newman, B. M & Newman, P. R, 1983) + Confide each other (Newman, B. M & Newman, P. R, 1983) . Reduce bad effects for personal development * Evidences: + Unexpected pregnancy (Philip, 1998) + Less successful marriages and work lives (Berk, 1998) + Increased depression (Rosenfeld, 2010) * Role of family: Safety net (Berk, 1998). 4. Counterargument and refutation: * Counterargument: Young adults will gain experience when they leave home * Refutation: + Parent’s opinions are better than peer’s opinion (Newman, B. M & Newman, P. R, 1983) + Important role of social support from parents (Philip, 1998) + Free to go out to get experience because of democracy parents (Turner & Helms, 1989) III.Conclusion Young adults should remain to co-reside with their parents because of the lack of advices, financial and emotional support from their family (Berk, 1998). Young generations play an importance role for the future generation in their country. The government always gives priority to these generations including children, adolescents, and young adults. However, young adults acknowledged to have rights to take responsibilities for their own action (Newman, B. M & Newman, P. R, 1983) possess the best for developing the country.Whether early adults should live at home with their parents or leave their parental home is still controversial. In our opinion, early adults should co-reside with their parents for several reasons. The first reason why early adults should live wit h their family is that they have an opportunity to save money. Economic circumstances present many challenges for young adults because most usually graduate from high school, they find a place in college and start a job (Crandell, T. L, Crandell, C. H & Vander Zanden, 2009).Besides, economic crises have led unemployment for â€Å"75 million† young people between the ages of 15 to 24 years old (Barnes, 2012). Due to the low starting salaries, many young adults struggle to pay their daily expenses (Vander Zanden, 1997). Furthermore, according to Hartley (1993), in Australia, 45% of surveyed people said the main reason for returning home in the first time is financial problems. Secondly, early adults who do not make a residential transition have a closer relationship with family members than those leaving home do.Beside financial support, children will receive love and moral support from their parents (Philip, 1998). Parents, moreover, are willing to provide guidance for their c hildren that help them make better choices and decisions. As a result, the relationship between parents and children is more valuable than young adults and peers (Logan & Spitze, 1996). In addition, the siblings are typically the first peer group in both childhood and adulthood. Young adults living at home benefit from sharing every day routines ith their siblings like joining he meal, splitting dress or taking care of one another, especially, when they are ill (Newman, B. M & Newman, P. R, 1983, p. 231). Furthermore, when young adults cope with problems to express themselves with their parents, teachers and social peers, the siblings are likely to be appropriated people to confide (Newman, B. M & Newman, P. R, 1983). Thirdly, early adults living at home will reduce bad effects on personal development. Young people are likely to become self-indulgent including the temptation of drugs and alcohol when there is no parental supervision.According to Philip (1998), negative economic and social effects leading to a great number of dangers as â€Å"teen-aged motherhood† are the results of leaving home at very early young age (p. 557). In addition, detaching themselves from their net at young age make early adults hard to succeed in marriage and work (White as cited in Berk, 1998). Nevertheless, young adults presume that the goal of leaving home is to have an independent life, which makes them easily anxious and depressed (Olds & Schwartz as cited in Rosenfeld, 2010). Bruch et al. Cheek & Busch (as cited in Berk, 1998) said that â€Å"socially anxious people report more loneliness† (p. 461). Therefore, the family is the best address to release stress and decrease social dangers for early adults because â€Å"the parental home serves as a safety net and base of operation for launching adult life† (Berk, 1998, p. 463). The opponents of co-residence with parents say that young adults will get experience when leaving home. However, gaining experience does not depend on who they live with and young adults can get valuable experiences while living with their parents.In fact, peer’s advices are not always as reliable and effective as parents’ in some cases (Newman, B. M & Newman, P. R, 1983). Moreover, the necessity of social support from their parents for the maturity of young adults was the conclusion of a study of 175 18 and 19-year-old college students (Philip, 1998). According to Turner and Helms (1989), 83% of the adolescents have â€Å"democratic parents† (p. 288) because they still have the freedom to participate in social activities and do part-time jobs to broaden knowledge when living at home.Additionally, they also can help their parents with household chores, which narrows the generation gap and helps them learn essential skills for an independent life later. In conclusion, due to the current economic crises and dramatic changes in society, especially the increase of social dangers, young adults sh ould live in their parental home to avoid harmful influences on themselves and their family as well. By contrast, young adults who decide to leave home at an early age may face difficulties for a long time because of the lack of advices, financial and emotional support from their parents (Berk, 1998). Words: 769REFERENCES Barnes, H. (2012). Global Youth unemployment: Making sense of the numbers. BBC News. Retrieved from http://www. bbc. co. uk/news/business-19745115. Berk, L. E. (1998). Development through the lifespan. The USA: A Viacom Company. Crandell, T. L. , Crandell, C. H. , Vander Zanden, J. W. (2009). Human Development. (9th ed. ). New York: The McGraw-Hill Company. F. Philip Rice. (1998). Human Development. (3rd ed. ). The USA: A Viacom company. Hartley, R. (1993). Young Adults living at home. Australian Institute of Family Studies. Reproduced from FAMILY MATTERS no. 36 December 1993, pp. 35-37. Retrieved from http://www. ifs. gov. au/institute/pubs/fm1/fm36rh1. html. Loga n, J. R. , Spitze, G. D. (1996). Family Ties: Enduring Relations between Parents and Their Grown Children. The USA: Temple University. Newman, B. M. , Newman, P. R. (1983). Understanding Adulthood. The USA: CBS College Publishing. Rosenfeld, M. J. (2010). The Independence of Young Adults, in Historical Perspective. Journal of Family Therapy Magazine, 9 (3), 17-19. Turner, J. F. , Helms, D. B. (1989). Contemporary Adulthood. (4th, ed. )The USA: Saunders College Publishing Vander Zanden, J. W. (1997). Human Development. (6th ed. ). The USA: The McGraw-Hill Company. .